Workload and Job Stress among Paramedics in Makkah during Ramadan: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Background: Workload and job stress is occupational health concern for healthcare professionals, mainly paramedics, who are frequently exposed to high-stress situations. During Ramadan, unique physical and emotional stressors increase burnout risk in high-demand regions like Makkah. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and contributing factors of job stress and burnout in paramedics in Makkah during Ramadan 2025. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted and include 462 paramedics working for the Saudi Red Crescent Authority in Makkah. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire addressing sociodemographic variables, workload, emotional exhaustion (7 items), and job performance (11 items), all measured using a 5-point Likert scale. Burnout scores were categorized into low, moderate, or high. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation, and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Results: Moderate burnout was observed in 81.0% of participants, while 11.9% experienced high burnout and 7.1% reported low burnout. Emotional exhaustion negatively correlated with job performance (r = −0.61) and years of experience (r = −0.23). A significant difference in burnout scores was found across job titles, and technicians had a higher level (p = 0.04). Despite high stress levels, most participants reported high job performance. Conclusion: Paramedics in Makkah experience a great emotional exhaustion during Ramadan. These findings indicate the need for organizational interventions to reduce burnout and promote mental health, mainly in frontline emergency personnel.