International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice
type: channel
description: International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice
publisher: Inkwell Infinite Publication
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice
issn: 2348-1838
copyright: All articles published in the International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice (IJPRP) are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Under this license, readers are free to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, link to the full text of articles, and use them for any lawful purpose. Readers may also share and adapt the published work, including for commercial purposes, provided that proper credit is given to the original author or authors, the journal, and the publisher. Users must provide appropriate attribution, include a link to the license, and indicate whether any changes were made to the original work. Authors retain copyright of their published work and grant the International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice the right of first publication. Recommended attribution format: Author(s), article title, International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice, year of publication, DOI or article URL, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
items: Perceptions, Challenges, and Future Directions of Respiratory Care Research in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study
items: Impact of Patient-Specific, Performance-Driven Rehabilitation Strategies on Treatment Adherence and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review
items: Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Validation of the Arabic COPD Population Screener (A-COPD-PS)
items: Postural Stability as a Predictor of Explosive Lower Limb Performance in Young Adults: A Gender-Based Analysis
items: Age and Gender Differences in Fracture Patterns at King Fahad Hospital, Al-Baha: A Retrospective Study
items: Nintendo Wii Balance Board for Rehabilitation in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
items: Acute Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction versus High-Load Resistance Exercise: A Randomized Crossover Pilot Study
items: High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Older Adults With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review of Comparative Randomized Trials
items: Effects of a Comprehensive Physical Therapy Program on Neurological and Functional Outcomes in Patients with Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Prospective Pre–Post Interventional Study
items: Effect of a 6-Week Balance Exercise Program on Fall Risk in Older Adults
items: Rehabilitation Outcomes in a Patient with Brachial Plexus Injury and Multiple Comorbidities: A 7-Month Case Study
items: The Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury on Women as Spouses and Partners: A Scoping Review
items: Impact of Tai Chi Chuan on Adult Biomechanical Outcomes: A Comparative Evaluation of Postural and Gait Outcomes
items: Effectiveness of Manual Therapy in the Management of Sacroiliac Joint Pain and Disability: A Narrative Review
items: Association Between Cigarette Smoking and Selected Health-Related Physical Fitness Indicators in Young Bahraini Men: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study
items: The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Pediatric Skeletal Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review
items: Quality of Life Amongst Saudi Physiotherapists: A Review of Burnout, Job Satisfaction and Work-Related Well-Being
items: Barriers to Cardiac Rehabilitation in Saudi Arabia: A Scoping Review
items: Rehabilitation Professionals’ Perception of Differences in Development and Clinical Manifestations Between Right and Left Hemiplegia in Children
items: Knowledge of Physiotherapists in Saudi Arabia About Lee Silverman Voice Treatment BIG Therapy for Parkinson's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
items: Role of Physical Therapy in Postural Management to Prevent Hip Dislocation in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
items: Efficacy of Harness-Supported Treadmill Training Without Body-Weight Unloading on Balance and Mobility After Stroke
items: Functional Outcomes After Bilateral Versus Unilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Saudi Arabia
items: Misdiagnosis of Greater Trochanteric Fracture in a Young Adult: A Case Report
items: The Impact of 3D-Printed Technology on Functional Performance in an Individual with C2 Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Report
items: Information Needs and Preferences on Cancer-Related Symptoms Among Children with Cancer and Their Parents: A Systematic Review
items: Effect of Supervised Physical Therapy Interventions on Functional Mobility and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors During Post-Treatment Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review
items: Platelet-Rich Plasma for Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Critical Review of Therapeutic Evidence and Clinical Utility
items: A Review of Falls Among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Prevention Strategies
items: Association between chronic neck pain, disability, and Physical Activity among Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study

Perceptions, Challenges, and Future Directions of Respiratory Care Research in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study
type: item
description: Background: Research engagement among respiratory therapists (RTs) in Saudi Arabia remains understudied. Understanding the factors that facilitate or impede research participation and scholarly publication is essential for developing targeted strategies to strengthen the evidence base in respiratory care. Objective: This study aimed to explore respiratory therapists’ perceptions, identify challenges and barriers, and examine future directions for advancing respiratory care research in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was administered to licensed RTs practicing across Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire captured demographic characteristics, research engagement history, attitudes toward research, and rankings of eight commonly cited barriers. Two multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for sex, work experience, degree level, and workplace type, identified independent predictors of (1) research participation and (2) publication among those who had participated. Barrier rankings were compared between publishers and non-publishers using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: A total of 291 RTs completed the survey. Male sex, higher degree level, and shorter work experience were independent predictors of research participation. Among research participants (N = 191), graduating from an international university (OR = 3.81, 95% CI: 1.15–12.61, p = 0.029), and greater work experience (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.00–1.27, p = 0.047), were independent predictors of publication. Lack of skill and knowledge was the major barrier to research overall. Conclusion: Research engagement among Saudi RTs is moderate, with a considerable gap between participation and publication. Participation is independently predicted by male sex, higher degree level, and shorter work experience, while publication is independently predicted by international education and greater work experience. Targeted multi-level interventions that address gender equity, postgraduate education, resea…
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: respiratory therapy; research barriers; publication; evidence-based practice
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulrhman S. Alghamdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 269
ending page: 279
doi: 10.62464/ej964n89

Impact of Patient-Specific, Performance-Driven Rehabilitation Strategies on Treatment Adherence and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: Background: Individualized, performance-driven rehabilitation systems characterized by dynamic adaptation of exercise dosage, feedback, and progression based on patient-specific performance have emerged as a promising approach to improve adherence and clinical outcomes. However, their effectiveness compared with conventional rehabilitation remains unclear due to heterogeneity in intervention design and clinical populations. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 and Cochrane Handbook recommendations. Electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL, were searched from inception to the final search date (to be inserted). Eligible studies included randomized and non-randomized comparative studies evaluating individualized, performance-driven rehabilitation interventions versus conventional therapy. Primary outcomes were adherence and clinical effectiveness. Study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment were performed independently by two reviewers.. Results: A total of 27 studies were included, of which 25 contributed adherence and/or clinical outcome data. Interventions varied from web-based platforms to advanced systems incorporating wearable sensors, real-time biofeedback, and artificial intelligence–driven adaptation. Adherence outcomes demonstrated substantial heterogeneity. Individualized systems generally improved adherence compared with minimal-contact or unsupervised care, with some studies reporting large effects (e.g., 141% vs. 50% adherence; 100% vs. 30% session completion). Significant improvements were observed in functional mobility, exercise capacity, and disease-specific outcomes in several populations, including post-surgical, cardiovascular, and neurological rehabilitation. In highly supervised settings, outcomes were typically comparable between groups. The certainty of evidence ranged from low to moderate, with downgrading primarily due to heterogeneity…
subject: Invited Review
  topic: section
subject: Rehabilitation; individualized therapy; telerehabilitation; adherence; clinical outcomes; digital health.
  topic: keywords
creator: Shadab Uddin
creator: Arif Ahmed Mohammed
creator: Priyadarshani Bhat
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 216
ending page: 235
doi: 10.62464/bht60s21

Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Validation of the Arabic COPD Population Screener (A-COPD-PS)
type: item
description: Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains underdiagnosed globally, particularly in regions with limited access to spirometry. The COPD Population Screener (COPD-PS) is a brief questionnaire designed to identify individuals at risk. Objective: This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate an Arabic version of the COPD-PS (A-COPD-PS). Methods: A prospective validation study was conducted among 196 Arabic-speaking adults recruited from pulmonology outpatient clinics in Saudi Arabia using a convenience sampling approach. The COPD-PS was translated using forward-backward methodology and expert review. Participants completed the A-COPD-PS, COPD Assessment Test (CAT), and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue (FACIT-F), followed by spirometry. Criterion validity was assessed using Cohen’s κ, sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Construct validity was evaluated through correlations with CAT and FACIT-F. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s α and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: The A-COPD-PS demonstrated moderate agreement with spirometry (κ = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.33–0.67), with sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 95%. Scores correlated strongly with CAT (ρ = 0.71, p < 0.001) and moderately with FACIT-F (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). The instrument showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.979) and test–retest reliability (n=193) (ICC = 0.975, 95% CI: 0.94–0.99). Conclusion: The A-COPD-PS demonstrates acceptable validity and excellent reliability as a screening tool for COPD risk among Arabic-speaking adults. However, its modest sensitivity suggests it should be used to identify individuals requiring further diagnostic evaluation rather than as a standalone diagnostic instrument.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Pulmonary function test; Questionnaire; Reliability; Validity
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayedh Alahmari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 246
ending page: 256
doi: 10.62464/rrn07175

Postural Stability as a Predictor of Explosive Lower Limb Performance in Young Adults: A Gender-Based Analysis
type: item
description: Background: Postural stability contributes to neuromuscular control and may influence explosive lower limb performance. Objective: To investigate the association and predictive relationship between balance performance and standing forward jump distance in young adults. Methods: Eighty healthy university students (40 males, 40 females; aged 20–23 years) participated. Balance was assessed using the Single-Leg Stance (SLS) test (seconds), and explosive lower limb performance was measured using the standing forward jump test (cm). Pearson correlation and linear regression analyses were performed. Results: A strong positive correlation was observed in the total sample (r = 0.786, p < 0.001). Strong correlations were found in males (r = 0.784, p < 0.001) and females (r = 0.709, p < 0.001). Linear regression showed that balance significantly predicted jump performance (R² = 0.618, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Postural stability is strongly associated with and predictive of explosive lower limb performance.
subject: Narrative Review
  topic: section
subject: Postural stability,
  topic: keywords
subject: balance
  topic: keywords
subject: forward jump,
  topic: keywords
subject: explosive performance
  topic: keywords
subject: neuromuscular control
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Ghazwani
creator: Junaid A Kirmani
creator: Saravanakumar k Nanjan
creator: Bharath k Mallela
creator: Bhuvanesh M Ganesan
creator: Rashid A Beg
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 280
ending page: 285
doi: 10.62464/0s8dnm69

Age and Gender Differences in Fracture Patterns at King Fahad Hospital, Al-Baha: A Retrospective Study
type: item
description: Background: Fractures represent a significant public health concern worldwide, contributing to substantial morbidity, healthcare utilization, and economic burden. The distribution and type of fractures vary across demographic groups, particularly with respect to age and gender, reflecting differences in bone density, activity levels, and exposure to trauma. Objective: To examine the association between age and gender and the pattern of fractures among patients presenting to King Fahad Hospital in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 886 patients with radiologically confirmed fractures who presented between January 2023 and January 2024. Data on patient demographics (age and gender) and fracture characteristics (anatomical site and type) were extracted from electronic medical records. Patients were categorized into age groups for comparative analysis. Statistical associations between demographic variables and fracture patterns were assessed using chi-square tests, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age of patients was 32.94 ± 22.42 years, indicating a wide age distribution, with males accounting for 68.8% of cases. The most frequently observed fractures involved the forearm and elbow (19.5%), followed by the humerus (18.7%) and foot (17.8%). A statistically significant variation in fracture patterns was observed across different age groups (p = 0.001), suggesting age-specific vulnerability to certain fracture types. In contrast, no significant association was found between gender and fracture distribution (p = 0.680), despite the higher overall proportion of male patients. Conclusion: Fracture patterns differ significantly by age but not by gender in this population. These findings underscore the importance of implementing age-specific preventive measures, resource allocation, and clinical management strategies to reduce fracture incidence and improve patient outcomes.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: Orthopedic, Fractures, Epidemiology, Age-related differences, Gender differences, Trauma.
  topic: keywords
creator: Faisal Alzahrani
creator: Khader Alghamdi
creator: Amer Alghamdi
creator: Yasir Alasiri
creator: Majdi Alzahrani
creator: Nada Alghamdi
creator: Hasan Alaidarous
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 236
ending page: 245
doi: 10.62464/ewk4s275

Nintendo Wii Balance Board for Rehabilitation in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
type: item
description: Background: Cerebral palsy (CP), the leading cause of childhood motor disability, is commonly associated with impaired balance, postural control, and functional mobility. Virtual reality–based interventions, including the Nintendo Wii Balance Board, have been increasingly integrated into pediatric neurorehabilitation. However, the overall effectiveness of Wii-based rehabilitation in children with CP remains uncertain. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of Nintendo Wii Balance Board–based therapy on balance, motor, and mobility outcomes in children with CP. Methods: Randomized controlled trials were identified through a systematic search of major electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, without publication timeframe restrictions. Eligible studies included pediatric patients with cerebral palsy undergoing Nintendo Wii Balance Board–based rehabilitation, rehabilitation games, or neurological therapy. Outcomes included balance, gross motor function, coordination, motor control, and therapy engagement, measured pre- and post-intervention using standardized clinical scales. Effect sizes were calculated as standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. Results: Ten trials involving 257 participants were included. Intervention durations ranged from 8 to 12 weeks and were compared with traditional therapy or no intervention. A meta-analysis of ten studies showed significant improvements in balance favoring Wii-based rehabilitation (SMD = 0.84, 95% CI 0.54–1.15; p = 0.0015), with low heterogeneity (I² = 26%). No significant effects were observed for functional mobility outcomes, including the 1-Minute Walk Test and Timed Up and Go. Individual studies also reported improvements in gross motor function and coordination, as well as increased motivation and engagement. Conclusion: Nintendo Wii Balance Board–based thera…
subject: Systematic Review
  topic: section
subject: Cerebral Palsy
  topic: keywords
subject: Pediatric
  topic: keywords
subject: Rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: Neurology
  topic: keywords
subject: Nintendo
  topic: keywords
subject: Balance
  topic: keywords
subject: Pediatric Rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: Meta-Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Adel Alghamdi
creator: Faisal Alzahrani
creator: Osama Alghamdi
creator: Muhannad Alghamdi
creator: Yazeed Alzahrani
creator: Amjad Al-Shahrani
creator: Ghadeer Fatani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 179
ending page: 192
doi: 10.62464/ew073c63

Acute Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction versus High-Load Resistance Exercise: A Randomized Crossover Pilot Study
type: item
description: Objective: To compare the acute physiological and perceptual responses to low-load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) resistance exercise and traditional high-load (HL) resistance exercise in healthy males. Methods: In a randomized crossover design, nine healthy males performed bilateral knee extensions under two conditions: LL-BFR (30% 1RM with blood flow restriction) and HL (80% 1RM without restriction). Each protocol involved three sets of eight repetitions. Growth hormone (GH), creatine kinase (CK), blood lactate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at rest, during, and after exercise. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: GH increased significantly after LL-BFR (p < 0.0001), but not after HL (p > 0.05). CK increased only after HL at 48 h (p = 0.0034). Blood lactate was higher across sets in HL (p < 0.05). RPE increased similarly in both trials (p > 0.70). SBP increased during both protocols (p < 0.001), while DBP was higher in LL-BFR, particularly after Set 3 (p = 0.0275). Conclusion: LL-BFR induces a greater endocrine response with less muscle damage than HL exercise but increases vascular stress. It may serve as a practical alternative where high loads are contraindicated.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: Blood flow restriction
  topic: keywords
subject: Resistance training
  topic: keywords
subject: Growth hormone
  topic: keywords
subject: Muscle damage
  topic: keywords
subject: Blood pressure
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulaziz A. Masoud
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 193
ending page: 205
doi: 10.62464/ajgmbj34

High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Older Adults With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review of Comparative Randomized Trials
type: item
description: Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been proposed as a superior alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) for improving exercise capacity in patients with heart failure (HF). Early small randomized trials suggested substantial gains in peak oxygen uptake (peak VO₂) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with HIIT, but larger multicenter trials have reported neutral findings. Uncertainty persists regarding phenotype-specific effects and clinical relevance in older adults with heart failure. Objective: To systematically evaluate the comparative effects of HIIT versus MICT on exercise capacity and LVEF in older adults with heart failure, and to assess the certainty of evidence across heart failure phenotypes. Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials comparing HIIT and MICT in adults aged ≥60 years with heart failure was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Databases were searched from inception to the final search date without language restriction. Primary outcomes were change in peak VO₂ (mL/kg/min) and LVEF (%). Secondary outcomes included six-minute walk distance (6MWT) and serious adverse events. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed where appropriate. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool, and certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE. Results: Sixteen comparative randomized studies met inclusion criteria. In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), pooled meta-analyses demonstrated a modest improvement in peak VO₂ favoring HIIT (mean difference approximately +1.7 to +2.1 mL/kg/min). However, the largest multicenter trial (n=261) showed no significant between-group difference. Pooled improvements in LVEF were small (~3%) and inconsistent across studies. In heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), randomized evidence did not demonstrate superiority of HIIT over MICT, and adjusted analyses suggested exercise volume rather than i…
subject: Invited Review
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Heart failure; high-intensity interval training; moderate-intensity continuous training; peak oxygen uptake; left ventricular ejection fraction; cardiac rehabilitation; HFrEF; HFpEF; systematic review.
creator: Mohammad Abu Shaphe
creator: Shadab Uddin
creator: Rashid Ali Beg
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-28
publication date: 2026-02-28
starting page: 150
ending page: 178
doi: 10.62464/p770w219

Effects of a Comprehensive Physical Therapy Program on Neurological and Functional Outcomes in Patients with Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Prospective Pre–Post Interventional Study
type: item
description: Background: Neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major complication of diabetes mellitus, contributing significantly to morbidity and healthcare burden. Although multidisciplinary management is recommended, evidence supporting structured physical therapy interventions remains limited, particularly from prospective interventional studies. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a comprehensive physical therapy program on neurological and functional outcomes in patients with neuropathic DFUs. Methods: This prospective pre–post interventional study included 40 patients with neuropathic DFUs. Participants underwent an 8-week supervised physical therapy program (3 sessions/week) comprising therapeutic exercises, electrotherapy, gait training, off-loading strategies, and education. Outcomes included motor and sensory nerve conduction studies (common peroneal and posterior tibial nerves), ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), superficial sensation (10-g monofilament), knee extensor strength, and quality of life (EQ-5D-5L). Data were analysed using paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (α = 0.05), with effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported. Results: Significant improvements were observed in motor and sensory nerve conduction parameters (p < 0.001; large effect sizes, d = 0.80–1.45). Ankle dorsiflexion ROM and superficial sensation also improved significantly (p < 0.001; d > 1.0). Improvements in knee extensor strength and EQ-5D-5L scores were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Ulcer recurrence occurred in 12.5% of participants. Conclusion: A structured physical therapy program was associated with significant improvements in neurological and functional outcomes in patients with neuropathic DFUs. However, findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the absence of a control group. Randomized controlled trials are required to establish causality.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: Diabetic foot ulcer; neuropathy; rehabilitation; physical therapy; nerve conduction; gait training
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdelrhman Shafiq Alsayyed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 257
ending page: 268
doi: 10.62464/5ykxdm40

Effect of a 6-Week Balance Exercise Program on Fall Risk in Older Adults
type: item
description: Background: Falls in older adults are a leading cause of morbidity, functional decline, and reduced independence. Although balance training is widely recommended, evidence supporting the effectiveness of short-term structured programs in community-dwelling older populations remains limited. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a 6-week supervised balance exercise program on balance performance, functional mobility, and fall-related self-efficacy in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 80 adults aged ≥65 years were allocated to either an intervention group (n = 40) or a control group (n = 40). The intervention group received supervised balance training three times weekly for six weeks, incorporating static, dynamic, functional, and dual-task exercises, while the control group received usual care. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and post-intervention using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and Falls Efficacy Scale–International (FES-I). Between-group differences and within-group changes were analyzed with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Baseline demographic, clinical, sensory, and fall-history characteristics were comparable between groups. After 6 weeks, the intervention group demonstrated significant improvements compared with controls in balance (BBS: +7.2 ± 3.1 vs +0.2 ± 1.0; mean difference 7.0 points, 95% CI: 6.2–8.2), functional mobility (TUG: −2.4 ± 0.9 s vs −0.1 ± 0.5 s; mean difference 2.3 s, 95% CI: −2.7 to −2.1), and fear of falling (FES-I: −8.1 ± 4.5 vs −0.2 ± 1.0; mean difference 7.9 points, 95% CI: −9.5 to −6.7) (all p < 0.001). No significant changes were observed in the control group. The intervention was well tolerated, with full adherence and no reported adverse events. Conclusion: A 6-week supervised balance exercise program resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in balance, mobility, and fall-related self-efficacy in community-dwelling older adults. These findings…
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: Balance training
  topic: keywords
subject: Falls prevention
  topic: keywords
subject: Older adults
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional mobility
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdelrhman Shafiq Alsayyed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 206
ending page: 215
doi: 10.62464/2tsnf612

Rehabilitation Outcomes in a Patient with Brachial Plexus Injury and Multiple Comorbidities: A 7-Month Case Study
type: item
description: Background: Brachial plexus injury secondary to prolonged prone positioning during COVID-19 hospitalization has emerged as a recognized complication, particularly in patients with metabolic comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus. Case Presentation: This case report describes the rehabilitation of a 31-year-old left-handed male with diabetes who developed brachial plexus injury following prolonged prone positioning during COVID-19 hospitalization. The patient underwent intensive physiotherapy over seven months, totaling 38 sessions. Clinical assessment included muscle strength testing, range of motion (ROM) measurement, balance evaluation, psychological distress assessment, the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire, and the Brachial Assessment Tool (BrAT). At baseline, passive ROM was preserved; however, reduced muscle strength was noted in the shoulder flexors, extensors, abductors, and adductors, as well as in the elbow flexors and extensors. Intervention and Outcomes: A structured and progressive physiotherapy program was implemented. Over the rehabilitation period, improvements were observed in shoulder and elbow muscle strength, functional mobility, pain levels, QuickDASH scores, BrAT scores, and psychological status. Conclusion: This case highlights the multifactorial nature of neurological and functional recovery following brachial plexus injury associated with prolonged prone positioning. Mechanical factors, metabolic comorbidities, lifestyle influences, and psychological status may collectively affect rehabilitation outcomes. Intensive, structured physiotherapy may facilitate meaningful neurological and functional recovery even in complex clinical presentations.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Physiotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: exercise
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: Brachial plexus injury
  topic: keywords
subject: Rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetes mellitus
  topic: keywords
creator: Ismail Abdullah Khadrawi
creator: Rana Almatraf
creator: Farah Marhomi
creator: Abdullah Alahmadi
creator: Qasi AL-Majnuni
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-28
publication date: 2026-02-28
starting page: 132
ending page: 140
doi: 10.62464/ncj0r616

The Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury on Women as Spouses and Partners: A Scoping Review
type: item
description: <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; font-weight: bold;">Background: <span lang="IT" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in enduring mental and behavioral, and emotional problems that impact both people who experience the injury and their family members. The existing review about TBI effects on women who stay in partner relationships with their spouses remains scarce because women typically become the primary caregivers for their injured husbands. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Aptos; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Aptos; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; font-weight: bold;">Objective: <span lang="IT" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Aptos; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso…
subject: Narrative Review
  topic: section
subject: Traumatic brain injury, Women caregivers, Caregiving burden,
  topic: keywords
creator: Manar Alruwaili
creator: Josh Cameron
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-28
publication date: 2026-02-28
starting page: 141
ending page: 149
doi: 10.62464/ppx3vj14

Impact of Tai Chi Chuan on Adult Biomechanical Outcomes: A Comparative Evaluation of Postural and Gait Outcomes
type: item
description: Background: Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) has gained increasing attention as a low-impact, multicomponent exercise with potential benefits for biomechanical health in adults. However, evidence regarding its comparative effectiveness against no intervention and other active exercise programs remains dispersed across heterogeneous studies. Objective: To evaluate the effects of Tai Chi Chuan on key biomechanical outcomes in adults, including balance, gait, muscle strength, proprioception, and neuromuscular control, compared with no intervention or active exercise comparators. Methods: A systematic synthesis of controlled studies was undertaken, focusing on adult populations exposed to Tai Chi Chuan interventions of at least four weeks’ duration. Outcomes included balance and postural control, gait parameters, muscle strength and proprioception, and joint kinematics or kinetics. Findings were synthesized narratively due to methodological heterogeneity. Results: Across included studies, Tai Chi Chuan was consistently associated with improvements in balance and postural control, with enhanced performance on validated measures such as the Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go, and single-leg stance. For example, clinically meaningful gains in single-leg stance time were reported (mean differences 3.44–17.07, p<0.05), and increases of approximately 5 seconds were observed in some cohorts (p=0.049). Gait-related outcomes also improved, including faster walking speed, increased stride length, and reduced dual-task cost, with reductions of 17–22% reported in dual-task walking (p<0.001). Muscle strength and proprioception outcomes showed consistent gains, reflected in improved chair-stand performance, arm curls, and grip strength (all p<0.05). Limited evidence from biomechanical studies further indicated reduced lower-extremity muscle co-contraction during gait among Tai Chi practitioners (mean difference −10.1, 95% CI −18.1 to −2.4, p<0.05). Conclusions:Tai Chi Chuan reliably improves key…
subject: Invited Review
  topic: section
subject: Tai Chi Chuan; biomechanics; balance; gait; muscle strength; postural control; proprioception; older adults; systematic review; rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
creator: Saad A. Alhammad
creator: Ali Z. Aldali
creator: Sattam Halil Alotaibi
creator: Abdullah Ali Alkhamis
creator: Haya Saad Alsharhan
creator: Mariam Saeed Aldajani
creator: Yara Alhudaithi
creator: Abdulfattah S. Alqahtani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 100
ending page: 116
doi: 10.62464/wm77rn81

Effectiveness of Manual Therapy in the Management of Sacroiliac Joint Pain and Disability: A Narrative Review
type: item
description: Background: Sacroiliac joint pain and disability is a significant and expensive condition that drives up healthcare expenses. Ten to twenty-five percent of people who suffer low back pain (LBP) have SIJ listed as a contributing factor. Objective: The purpose of this review is to investigate the use of manual therapy for the management of SIJ syndrome, identify any gaps in the literature on the topic, and offer suggestions for future research in the area. Methods: This study was conducted as a narrative review. A search for relevant studies in English has been conducted across several databases, including PubMed NCBI, Trip Medical Database as well as PEDro – Physiotherapy Evidence Database, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from 1992 to July 2024. The search included the use of manual therapy in SIJ dysfunction and pain management. Results: Nine RCTs were included. Manual therapy was shown to be the preferable course of treatment for pain and function disability when compared to alternative forms of therapy Conclusion: All of the studies in this review demonstrated the effectiveness of manual therapy in treating SIJ patients' pain and improving their functioning.
subject: Narrative Review
  topic: section
subject: manual therapy, Sacroiliac joint pain, sacroiliac joint
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdullah Dhafer Alshehri
creator: Amr Ahmad Fallatah
creator: Majed Abdulrahman Alghamdi
creator: Khalid Atiah Alzahrani
creator: Rayan Hamad Baeti
creator: Saeed Saad Alyazidi
creator: Eyad Saeed Alharbi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 126
ending page: 131
doi: 10.62464/ah27hy14

Association Between Cigarette Smoking and Selected Health-Related Physical Fitness Indicators in Young Bahraini Men: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study
type: item
description: Background: Cigarette smoking is a major global health issue, but its effects on health-related physical fitness among young adults in the Middle East—particularly in Bahrain—are not well studied. Most existing research focuses on older or Western populations. This study fills that gap by investigating the association between smoking status and BMI, pulmonary function (FVC), and functional capacity (6MWT) among male university students in Bahrain, a population for which localized evidence is currently lacking. Methods: Forty-one men aged 18–26 years were classified as smokers (n=20) or non-smokers (n=21). Standardized protocols were used for anthropometry, spirometry, and 6MWT. Exercise habits were assessed via a questionnaire. Between-group differences were estimated using unpaired t-test, with effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals reported. Results: The results showed that there were no significant differences between smokers and non-smokers in all measured parameters. The P values were 0.545, 0.885, and 0.278 for BMI, FVC, and 6MWT respectively. For the physical activity and exercising status, among the smoker's group, 50% never exercised, 15% had occasional exercise, and 35% had regular planned exercising. Among the non-smokers group, 19% never exercised, 24% had occasional exercise, and 57% had regular planned exercise. Conclusion: This study offers the first evidence from Bahrain on smoking and physical fitness in young men, indicating that lifestyle behaviors may differ despite unaffected short-term physiological measures and underscoring the need for early preventive strategies and longitudinal research to assess long-term effects.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: Cigarette smoking, Physical fitness, Young adults, Bahrain; Pulmonary function, Exercise behavior.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Merza Khalil AlRayes
creator: Dalia Mohamed Kamel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 117
ending page: 125
doi: 10.62464/vwefnp74

The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Pediatric Skeletal Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: Background. Vitamin D plays a key role in calcium absorption and contributes to several physiological functions. While serum vitamin D levels are positively associated with skeletal muscle strength, the effect of supplementation on pediatric skeletal muscle strength remains unclear. Purpose. To systematically review the literature on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength in the pediatric population. Method. This systematic review included only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated vitamin D supplementation and assessed muscle strength in healthy children or adolescents before and after the intervention. Non-experimental studies and trials involving additional supplementation were excluded. Results. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022314030). Five RCTs studies met the inclusion criteria, with excellent methodological quality on the PEDro scale. A total of 747 participants (mean age 12.6 years; two-thirds female) were included. VitD insufficiency was common at baseline but improved in most participants after supplementation. Only handgrip strength was measured in all studies, except one that assessed knee muscle strength. Overall, VitD supplementation did not significantly improve muscle strength, except in one trial involving premenarchal girls with VitD deficiency, where handgrip strength improved. Conclusion. Vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial in improving muscle strength among premenarchal girls with vitamin D deficiency, possibly through suppression of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
subject: Systematic Review
  topic: section
subject: Vitamin D, Supplementation, Pediatric, Children, Muscle, Strength.
  topic: keywords
creator: Naif Ibrahim Bin Talha
creator: Saeed Mushabab Alqahtani
creator: Abdulfattah Saeed Alqahtani
creator: Tarig Ahmed Abdulrahman Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 526
ending page: 543
doi: 10.62464/w9x72z57

Quality of Life Amongst Saudi Physiotherapists: A Review of Burnout, Job Satisfaction and Work-Related Well-Being
type: item
description: Background. Physiotherapists are integral to the development of Saudi Arabia's healthcare system; however, their quality of life (QoL) and work-related well-being have not been comprehensively examined. Identifying determinants such as job satisfaction, burnout, workload, cultural adaptation, and professional recognition is critical to maintaining a resilient, motivated workforce. Method. This narrative literature review synthesised evidence regarding QoL among physiotherapists in Saudi Arabia. Systematic searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (2010–2025) identified English-language empirical studies conducted in Saudi Arabia or involving cross-national comparisons. Study selection adhered to a PRISMA-style process with independent validation. Data were systematically extracted on study design, sample characteristics, QoL measures, and key outcomes, and findings were synthesised thematically within national and global contexts. Results. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Saudi physiotherapists reported moderate to high occupational stress, primarily due to heavy workloads, ambiguous career progression, and inconsistent organisational support. Expatriate physiotherapists, who represent a significant portion of the workforce, encountered additional challenges related to cultural adjustment, communication, and inconsistent orientation practices. International comparisons revealed similar QoL concerns globally, although healthcare reforms under Vision 2030 present unique contextual influences in Saudi Arabia. Significant gaps persist in national data regarding burnout prevalence, mental well-being, and work-life balance. Conclusion. The QoL of physiotherapists in Saudi Arabia is influenced by the interplay of workload, organisational, and cultural factors. Strengthening professional support, career development opportunities, and workforce policies may enhance well-being and retention. Further large-scale, methodologically robust studies…
subject: Systematic Review
  topic: section
subject: Quality of Life, Physiotherapists, Saudi Arabia, Job Satisfaction, Burnout, Vision 2030
  topic: keywords
creator: Shar Abdullah Alamri
creator: Abdulelah Aysh Alsulami
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 511
ending page: 525
doi: 10.62464/mfsn2032

Barriers to Cardiac Rehabilitation in Saudi Arabia: A Scoping Review
type: item
description: <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; font-weight: bold;">Background: <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is considered a cornerstone of secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, it remains underutilized and underdeveloped in Saudi Arabia. Objective: This scoping review aimed to analyze the existing evidence on barriers affecting the implementation and participation in CR programs across Saudi Arabia. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Eight national studies were included, examining perspectives from physicians, nurses, physiotherapists, and patients. Data were thematically analyzed and categorized into four domains—service delivery and policy, workforce and training, awareness and culture, and patient-related factors—classified under two levels: system and personal. Results: Findings from eight included studies revealed system-level barriers, including a shortage of CR centers, insufficient workforce training, fragmented policies, and limited funding. Personal-lev…
subject: Systematic Review
  topic: section
subject: Cardiac Rehabilitation; CR; Barriers; Saudi Arabia; Cardiovascular Disease; Scoping Review.
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdullah Tobaigy
creator: Abdulfattah Alqahtani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 471
ending page: 484
doi: 10.62464/n1vz1426

Rehabilitation Professionals’ Perception of Differences in Development and Clinical Manifestations Between Right and Left Hemiplegia in Children
type: item
description: Background. Hemiplegic cerebral palsy presents with lateralized impairments that may influence developmental outcomes. While literature suggests lesion laterality affects domains such as language and spatial awareness, clinical consensus remains unclear. Purpose. To determine whether rehabilitation professionals observe differences in development or functional outcomes between right and left hemiplegia in children. Method. A cross-sectional survey of licensed pediatric rehabilitation professionals was conducted. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and logistic regression. Qualitative responses were thematically analyzed. Results. 63.3% of total (n=49) pediatrics rehabilitation professionals report perceiving difference between hemiplegia types. Right hemiplegia was significantly associated with speech and language difficulties with a 61.3% of all participants. Motor deficits were the most commonly observed domain with 74.2% of participants. Cultural factors, such as religious emphasis on right-hand use, were noted to influence rehabilitation outcomes. Conclusion. The findings of this study, supported by previous literature, reinforce the hypothesis that developmental and functional differences are perceived between left and right hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Rehabilitation specialists should adopt a holistic approach that considers both lesion severity and cultural norms influencing perceptions of development and function. Integrating neurobiological and sociocultural factors is essential for individualized rehabilitation strategies.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: Hemiplegia
  topic: keywords
subject: cerebral palsy
  topic: keywords
subject: Lesion laterality
  topic: keywords
subject: Pediatric rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: Saudi Arabia
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulaziz Saeed Alghamdi
creator: Mohammed Elias Tamboosi
creator: Fatmah Ahmed Rasheed
creator: Abdullah Saeed Alghamdi
creator: Lama Abdullah Balghusoun
creator: Meshari Ruzayq Alluhaybi
creator: Abdulrahman Ayman Alsubahi
creator: Yazeed Bakheet Alsaedi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 498
ending page: 510
doi: 10.62464/xzzshw84

Knowledge of Physiotherapists in Saudi Arabia About Lee Silverman Voice Treatment BIG Therapy for Parkinson's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
type: item
description: Background. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a widespread and challenging to diagnose the neurological condition. Tremor, rigidity, and slowness of movement are all symptoms of Parkinson's disease, which is caused by gradual neuronal loss in the substantia nigra and other brain areas. Physical therapy has the ability to enhance walking, balance, muscle strength, and fall reduction, according to growing evidence. The Lee Silverman Voice Treatment BIG (LSVT BIG) therapy is a Parkinson's disease rehabilitation approach. LSVT BIG therapy enables people with Parkinson's disease to utilize their bodies more normally. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to see how much knowledge physiotherapists in Saudi Arabia have about LSVT BIG therapy. Method. A cross-sectional study utilizing a survey to assess the knowledge of physical therapists in Saudi Arabia. It was disseminated via WhatsApp to one thousand physical therapists. The main outcomes were the extent of awareness regarding the LSVT Big method for individuals with Parkinson's disease. Data analysis. Statistical Package for Social Studies was used to analyze the data. The Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used for categorical variables. Results. In the current study, 263 male and female physical therapists completed the survey, males represented 63.9% of the participants, and 62% were in the age group of 24 to 30 years. The majority (84.8%) were Saudi. Only 12.5% of the physical therapists in this study were aware of the LSVT-Big therapy, and only 30.3% have ever attended the course or received a certificate. Conclusion. In Saudi Arabia, physical therapists had limited awareness and knowledge about the LSVT BIG therapy. Additional effort is required to train physical therapists about the benefits of the LSVT BIG therapy and how to use it with Parkinson's patients.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: Parkinson's disease
  topic: keywords
subject: exercise
  topic: keywords
subject: physiotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Lee Silverman Voice Treatment BIG (LSVT BIG)
  topic: keywords
subject: balance training in geriatric
  topic: keywords
creator: Ismail Abdullah Khadrawi
creator: Abdulaziz Alotaibi
creator: Ahmed Khalil
creator: Abdulrahman Miyajan
creator: Naif Khan
creator: Amir El Fiky
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 458
ending page: 470
doi: 10.62464/6nzshs38

Role of Physical Therapy in Postural Management to Prevent Hip Dislocation in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
type: item
description: Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological disorder characterized by motor impairments stemming from non-progressive brain anomalies. A primary concern in children with spastic CP is hip migration, which can progress to subluxation or dislocation, particularly in non-ambulatory patients. Objective: This narrative review explores the efficacy of physical therapy approaches within postural management programs in preventing hip dislocation in children with spastic CP. Methods: Literature published between 1990 and 2022 is reviewed across databases—namely, PubMed, EDLINE, CINAHL, AMED and Google Scholar. Results: The review highlights diverse interventions, including passive stretching, weight-bearing exercises, standing devices, orthotic aids and the Vojta method, that underestimate the importance of early, individualized and multidisciplinary management in children with spastic CP. While some conservative strategies show promising outcomes, the evidence remains limited and of variable quality. Moreover, the studies have been heterogeneous in design, outcome measures and intervention protocols. Overall, the review indicates the need for tailored programs early in life, especially for children whose motor function is classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System levels IV and V, emphasizing the essential role of physiotherapists in preventive care. Conclusion: Early, tailored physiotherapy and postural management programs play a critical role in mitigating hip displacement in children with spastic CP. Strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration and standardizing intervention protocols are essential to both improving clinical outcomes and advancing the evidence base for conservative management strategies.
subject: Systematic Review
  topic: section
subject: Cerebral palsy; Hip dislocation; Postural management; Physical therapy; Gross Motor Function Classification System.
  topic: keywords
creator: Shar Abdullah Alamri
creator: Najaw Abdulrazaq Khan
creator: Ibrahim Abdulrahman Alhumaidan
creator: Wafa Faleh Almarri
creator: Norah Mishal Alotaibi
creator: Sarah Marzouk Alkhaldi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 485
ending page: 497
doi: 10.62464/ce32tw86

Efficacy of Harness-Supported Treadmill Training Without Body-Weight Unloading on Balance and Mobility After Stroke
type: item
description: Background: Gait impairment is one of the most debilitating consequences of stroke, often restricting mobility, independence, and community reintegration. Treadmill-based gait training enhances neuroplasticity through repetitive, task-specific practice. However, body-weight-support systems are costly and not always available in routine rehabilitation. This study investigated the efficacy of harness-supported treadmill gait training without body-weight unloading compared with conventional overground therapy in individuals with post-stroke hemiplegia. Methods: Thirty adults (aged 40–60 years) with first-ever unilateral middle cerebral artery stroke and mild-to-moderate hemiparesis (Orpington Prognostic Score < 5.2) were randomly allocated to two groups: (1) conventional Bobath-based overground gait training, or (2) treadmill gait training with overhead harness support (no unloading). Both interventions were administered for 20 minutes, three times per week, over six weeks. The Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (STREAM), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) served as primary outcome measures. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, and effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were calculated. Results: Both groups showed significant within-group improvements (p < .01), but the treadmill group demonstrated superior gains in motor recovery and balance: STREAM (+6.20 ± 2.18 vs. +3.73 ± 2.16; p = .005; d = 1.17), BBS (+8.00 ± 4.19 vs. +4.20 ± 2.81; p = .025; d = 0.98), and gait velocity (+0.126 ± 0.035 m/s vs. +0.097 ± 0.025 m/s; p = .025; d = 0.90). All participants completed the program without adverse events, confirming excellent safety and adherence. <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black…
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: Stroke rehabilitation; Treadmill gait training; Neuroplasticity; Balance recovery; Harness support; Central pattern generators; Motor relearning; Task-specific training
  topic: keywords
creator: Prashant Kashyap
creator: Shahid Raza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 442
ending page: 450
doi: 10.62464/9mqmb618

Functional Outcomes After Bilateral Versus Unilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Saudi Arabia
type: item
description: Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease that often leads to pain, stiffness, and functional disability. Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) remains the most effective surgical treatment for end-stage OA. This study aimed to compare the clinical and functional outcomes of patients undergoing unilateral and bilateral TKA in a tertiary rehabilitation setting in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 265 patients (≥35 years; both sexes) who underwent primary TKA at Sultan Bin Abdualziz Humanitartian City (SBAHC) Between 2016 and 2020. Clinical and functional data—including pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale), range of motion (goniometric assessment), muscle strength (Manual Muscle Testing), and functional independence (Functional Independence Measure, FIM)—were extracted from medical records at three time points: preoperatively, before discharge, and 3–6 months post-discharge. Results: The mean age of the patients was 67.1 ± 8.0 years, with females comprising 66.8%. Postoperatively, there was a significant reduction in pain scores (p < 0.001) and improvement in knee flexion and extension (p < 0.001). Muscle strength and FIM scores improved significantly across all patients, irrespective of age, gender, or postoperative complications. The percentage improvement in total FIM was greater in unilateral TKA patients (63.9%) compared with bilateral TKA patients (48.7%). Conclusions: Both unilateral and bilateral TKA patients demonstrated significant improvements in pain, joint mobility, muscle strength, and functional independence following a high-intensity rehabilitation program, with greater functional gains observed among unilateral TKA patients.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: Total Knee arthroplasty, Rehabilitation, Functional outcomes, Range of motion.
  topic: keywords
creator: Fouad EL JAMMAL
creator: Orfan Arafah
creator: Imran Ilyas
creator: Hussam Abuzaid Khairi
creator: Ashraf Khaled
creator: Abdulrhman Al Sharif
creator: Mohammed Elkarim
creator: Dhekra Alnaqeb
creator: Bayan AlMutairi
creator: Tahani Madani
creator: Leena M. Alqahtani
creator: Renad Almesned
creator: Wadha Alsebeai
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 425
ending page: 441
doi: 10.62464/nr62es22

Misdiagnosis of Greater Trochanteric Fracture in a Young Adult: A Case Report
type: item
description: Background: Misdiagnosis remains a major clinical challenge, even when patients are initially assessed by multiple healthcare providers. Musculoskeletal injuries, particularly hip trauma, require rigorous screening, careful differential diagnosis, and the use of appropriate imaging. Case Presentation: A 26-year-old Bahraini male developed acute left hip pain following a fall from a horse. Initial emergency department evaluation, including plain radiographs, did not reveal a fracture, and he was treated conservatively with analgesics and NSAIDs. Despite repeated consultations, his pain persisted, and he was referred to physiotherapy with a provisional diagnosis of “hip pain.” During physiotherapy assessment, several red flags were identified, including a traumatic mechanism of injury, persistent pain, limping gait, and lack of improvement with prior management. Further imaging confirmed a fracture of the greater trochanter fracture. Discussion: Greater trochanteric fractures are rare and frequently overlooked on plain radiographs. MRI is considered the gold standard for detecting occult hip fractures. Early recognition is essential, as inappropriate treatment—such as physiotherapy under a misdiagnosed label—may result in fracture displacement, prolonged disability, or surgical intervention. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of independent diagnostic evaluation, even when patients arrive with prior referrals. Comprehensive screening and timely imaging (if needed) are critical to avoid misdiagnosis and ensure optimal patient outcomes.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: differential diagnosis
  topic: keywords
subject: orthopedic
  topic: keywords
subject: fractures
  topic: keywords
subject: greater trochanter
  topic: keywords
subject: Misdiagnosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Merza Khalil AlRayes
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 451
ending page: 457
doi: 10.62464/mxnhjq62

The Impact of 3D-Printed Technology on Functional Performance in an Individual with C2 Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Report
type: item
description: This case report describes the use of a 3D-printed wheelchair joystick to improve functional performance in an individual with incomplete traumatic spinal cord injury at C2. A 29-year-old man presented with complete tetraplegia and no residual upper extremity function following a traffic accident, rendering him unable to operate manual or electric wheelchairs. To address this limitation, a joystick adapted for residual shoulder movements was developed using fused deposition modeling with polylactic acid material. After training, the patient achieved proficiency in maneuvering the wheelchair, as assessed with the Functional Independence Measure, enabling safe navigation and increased engagement in daily activities. This case illustrates how 3D-printed assistive devices can enhance functional autonomy and community participation in individuals with high cervical spinal cord injury.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Wheelchair joystick
  topic: keywords
subject: C2 spinal cord injury
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional Independence Measure
  topic: keywords
subject: 3D printing
  topic: keywords
subject: FDM
  topic: keywords
creator: Walaa Alammar
creator: Munirah Alnasser
creator: Naif Alraddadi
creator: Rboaa Alsulmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 414
ending page: 424
doi: 10.62464/hvjpn732

Information Needs and Preferences on Cancer-Related Symptoms Among Children with Cancer and Their Parents: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: Objective<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; font-style: italic;">: <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">This study aimed to explore information needs and preferences of children with cancer and their parents about cancer-related symptoms. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using five databases and citation searches. The quality of eligible studies was assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results: Thirty studies were included (N=256 children and N=1778 parents/guardians). Children’s perspectives on their information needs were under examined and different from their parents. Both children and parents required more information about symptoms and late effects. Associations between participants’ characteristics and their information needs about symptoms and late effects were inconclusive. Parents preferred to receive information from doctors, in verbal and written formats, more than from online sources. Conclusions: Children with cancer and their parents need more tailored information about symptoms and late effects. Further research is required to identify how best to support individualized information needs and…
subject: Systematic Review
  topic: section
subject: Paediatrics
  topic: keywords
subject: Oncology
  topic: keywords
subject: Information needs
  topic: keywords
subject: Quantitative methods
  topic: keywords
subject: Qualitative methods
  topic: keywords
subject: Mixed methods
  topic: keywords
creator: Qamra Muaikel Alqahtani
creator: Catalina Llanos
creator: Jessica Newham
creator: Paula Bray
creator: Kimberley Docking
creator: Elizabeth Dylke
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 388
ending page: 413
doi: 10.62464/v713eq35

Effect of Supervised Physical Therapy Interventions on Functional Mobility and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors During Post-Treatment Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; font-weight: bold;">Background: <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Breast cancer survivors frequently experience reduced physical capacity, fatigue, upper-limb dysfunction, and impaired quality of life (QoL) following treatment. Exercise and physiotherapy-based rehabilitation programs are increasingly prescribed, but the magnitude and consistency of their benefits remain under debate. Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of supervised exercise and physiotherapy interventions on functional mobility, muscular strength, fatigue, upper-limb function, and QoL in breast cancer survivors. Methods:A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted up to March 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing supervised exercise or physiotherapy interventions with usual care, waitlist, or non-exercise controls in adult breast cancer survivors were included. Data were extracted on intervention characteristics, participant demographics, outcomes, and adverse events. Risk of bias was assessed using the C…
subject: Invited Review
  topic: section
subject: breast cancer survivors, exercise, physiotherapy, quality of life, fatigue, functional mobility, systematic review.
  topic: keywords
creator: Shadab Uddin
creator: Mohammed M. Alshehri
creator: Vandana Esht
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 368
ending page: 387
doi: 10.62464/3s4xmh03

Platelet-Rich Plasma for Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Critical Review of Therapeutic Evidence and Clinical Utility
type: item
description: Objective: Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy has emerged as a prominent modality in musculoskeletal medicine due to its autologous nature and potential to enhance tissue healing through growth factor release. Although widely adopted, clinical outcomes exhibit variability across studies. Therefore, this review critically evaluates the therapeutic efficacy and methodological quality of PRP applications in musculoskeletal disorders, focusing on tendinopathies, cartilage degeneration, acute muscle injuries, and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair. Methods: A structured narrative synthesis was conducted using 11 peer-reviewed studies published between 2014 and 2025. These included randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and retrospective analyses. Methodological quality was assessed using AMSTAR 2 and SANRA tools, with thematic synthesis organized by condition type. Results: PRP demonstrated short-term benefits in pain reduction and functional improvement, particularly in tendinopathies and mild-to-moderate osteoarthritis. Leukocyte-poor PRP (LP-PRP) and PBMNC-enriched formulations showed superior outcomes. However, evidence for cartilage regeneration, ACL repair, and acute muscle injuries remains inconclusive due to protocol variability and moderate risk of bias. Conclusion: PRP therapy offers selective clinical utility in musculoskeletal care, especially for chronic tendinopathies and early-stage osteoarthritis. Standardization of PRP protocols, long-term outcome studies, and identification of patient-specific predictors are essential to optimize its therapeutic role.
subject: Systematic Review
  topic: section
subject: Sport injuries
  topic: keywords
subject: sport rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: Platelet-Rich Plasma
  topic: keywords
subject: Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Tendinopathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Osteoarthritis Knee
  topic: keywords
subject: Anterior Cruciate Ligament
  topic: keywords
subject: , Muscle Injuries
  topic: keywords
subject: Regenerative Medicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Merza Khalil AlRayes
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-08-31
publication date: 2025-08-31
starting page: 346
ending page: 352
doi: 10.62464/ijoprp.v4i8.121

A Review of Falls Among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Prevention Strategies
type: item
description: Falls among older adults in Saudi Arabia pose a significant and growing public health concern, with studies reporting prevalence rates exceeding 47%. These events contribute to physical injuries and psychological distress, longer hospital stays, and rising healthcare costs. This narrative review synthesizes recent findings on the prevalence, underlying risk factors, outcomes, and strategies aimed at preventing falls in this population. Key contributors to fall risk in Saudi Arabia were found to include both intrinsic factors, such as chronic health conditions, limited mobility, obesity, vision problems, mental health issues, and polypharmacy, and extrinsic factors like environmental hazards and inadequate safety measures. Despite growing awareness and various preventive efforts, initiatives such as environmental modifications, the use of assistive devices, and closer hospital monitoring, falls remain common across both community and healthcare settings. The literature points to several effective interventions, including personalized risk assessments, home and facility modifications, medication management, structured exercise programs, and better training for caregivers and medical staff. However, a noticeable gap remains between what is known and what is actually implemented. This underscores the urgent need for stronger implementation of fall prevention strategies. Moving forward, a coordinated, multimodal approach tailored to Saudi Arabia’s healthcare system is essential to reduce fall-related incidents and improve the well-being of older adults.
subject: Systematic Review
  topic: section
subject: Falls
  topic: keywords
subject: older adults
  topic: keywords
subject: Falls risk factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Falls strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Saudi Arabia
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed M. Althomali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-08-31
publication date: 2025-08-31
starting page: 353
ending page: 367
doi: 10.62464/ijoprp.v4i8.123

Association between chronic neck pain, disability, and Physical Activity among Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study
type: item
description: BACKGROUND: Chronic neck pain is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition among healthcare workers, often contributing to absenteeism, reduced productivity, and career dissatisfaction. Despite their vulnerability due to high occupational demands, the relationship between neck pain, disability, and lifestyle factors such as physical activity remains insufficiently explored in this group. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between chronic neck pain, disability, and physical activity levels among healthcare workers. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among healthcare workers at Prince Sultan Military Medical City. Participants completed a structured questionnaire that included demographic and health data, the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) for pain intensity, the Neck Disability Index (NDI) for disability, the extended Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analyses were performed. RESULTS: Thirty healthcare workers (83% female) from multiple professions participated. The mean chronic neck pain score was 5.10 (SD = 1.81), and the mean NDI score was 20.25 (SD = 9.73). A high physical activity level was reported by 70% of participants. Significant correlations were observed: a moderate positive correlation between neck pain and disability (r = 0.64, p < 0.01) and a fair positive correlation between neck pain and physical activity (r = 0.45, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic neck pain appears prevalent among healthcare workers and is moderately associated with disability. Interestingly, higher pain levels were also correlated with higher physical activity, warranting further investigation. Given the small sample size, findings should be interpreted cautiously. Larger, longitudinal studies are recommended to understand risk factors better and to guide preventive and occupational health strategies.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: chronic neck pain, healthcare workers, Neck Disability Index (NDI), physical activity, occupational health
  topic: keywords
creator: Hana Alsobayel
creator: Amerah Alharthi
creator: Ali Albarrati
creator: Asma Saad Alrushud
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-08-31
publication date: 2025-08-31
starting page: 335
ending page: 345
doi: 10.62464/ijoprp.v4i8.126